English (United Kingdom)
  • Polski (PL)
Logo przedstawiające popiersie Mikołaja Kopernika Logo przedstawiające popiersie Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Start
  • Biography
    • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)
      • Outline biography
      • Timeline
    • Childhood and background (1473–1491)
      • Royal Prussia: the homeland of Copernicus
      • Toruń – the hometown of Copernicus
      • The family
      • Controversies – the wandering home of the Copernicus family
    • Copernicus in Kraków (1491–1495)
      • Studies at Kraków University
      • Copernicus and Copernicana in Kraków
    • Copernicus in Italy (1496–1503)
      • Copernicus as a student in Bologna
      • Copernicus in Rome
      • Copernicus as a medical student in Padua
      • Copernicus in Ferrara
    • Copernicus in Warmia (1503–1543)
      • Warmia at the time of Copernicus
      • Copernicus in Lidzbark Warmiński
      • The cathedral chapter in Frombork
      • Copernicus at the chapter of Warmia
      • In Olsztyn
      • Controversies: private life
      • Last years spent in Frombork
      • Copernicus’ own library
  • Discovery
    • Astronomy
      • Astronomy as an object of interest of Copernicus
      • Development of astronomy from the ancient times to the 15th century
      • Cosmological views from the times before Copernicus
      • Astronomy in the days of Copernicus
      • Copernicus’ astronomical devices
      • The genesis of the discovery – the heliocentric theory
      • Publication of „De revolutionibus”
      • The nature of Copernicus’ discoveries
    • Economics
      • Copernicus and his interest in economics
      • Major economic theories from ancient times to the Renaissance
      • Money and economics at the time of Copernicus
      • Treatise On the Minting of Coin and Copernicus’ views on economics
    • Medicine
      • The development of medicine from ancient times until the 15th century
      • Medicine at the time of Copernicus
      • Copernicus’ medical education and practice
    • Literature
      • Copernicus’ interest in Greek literature
      • Translation of Simoccatta's Letters
      • Copernicus as Latin writer
    • Cartography
      • An outline history of cartography until the 16th century
      • Maps of Polish and Prussian lands – Copernicus as a cartographer
  • Revolution
    • Reception of Copernicus’ theory and the importance of the discovery
      • A general introduction
      • Reception of the discovery in Europe – the views of the Church and of other scholars on the heliocentric theory
      • Post Copernican cosmological concepts
        • Tycho Brahe’s model
        • Kepler’s model
        • The model of a stationary state
        • The Big Bang model
        • The concept of many worlds
        • Contemporary cosmological reflections
      • The importance of Copernicus’s discovery for the development of the sciences
      • The importance of Copernicus’s discovery for the development of the humanities
    • The development of astronomy since Copernicus to the present
      • Astronomy before the invention of the telescope
      • The telescope and celestial mechanics
      • The nineteenth century and the birth of astrophysics
      • Twentieth century astronomy and cosmology
      • The history of astronomy in Poland until 1945
  • Ressources
    • Archives
      • About the collection
      • „De revolutionibus”
        • Manuscript „De revolutionibus”
        • History of the Original Manuscript
        • History of the Editions
        • First Editions of „De revolutionibus”
      • Copernicus’ Letters
        • About the Copernicus’ Letters
        • Letters written by Copernicus
          • 1518 X 22 – to the Warmian Chapter
          • 1524 II 29 – to Mauritius Ferber
          • 1526 IV 19 – to Felix Reich
          • 1531 VII 27 – to Mauritius Ferber
          • 1533 IV 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1536 VI 8 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1537 VIII 9 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1538 IV 25 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1538 XII 2 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 I 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 III 3 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 III 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1541 VI 15 – to Duke Albrecht of Prussia
          • 1541 VI 21 – to Duke Albrecht of Prussia
          • 1541 VI 27 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1541 IX 28 – to John Dantiscus
      • Copernicus’ Minor Astronomical Writings
        • Commentariolus
        • Letter against Werner
        • Raptularius
        • Other tables and notes
      • Copernicus’ Administrative Documents
        • Leases of abandoned farmsteads
        • Copernicus’ Inventory of 1520
        • Transaction approval from 15 III 1518
      • Copernicus’ Writings about Money
        • Meditata (1517)
        • „Modus cudendi monetam” (1519–1522)
        • „Tractatus de monetis” (1519–1522)
        • „Monete cudende ratio” (ca. 1526)
      • Prescriptions
        • In Praise of the Imperial Pills
        • Minor prescriptions
      • Translation of Theophylactus Simocatta
    • Library
      • Part 1 – editions of Copernicus’ writings
        • Authentic writings of Copernicus
        • Writings of doubtful authorship
      • Part 2 – literature about Copernicus
        • General
          • Bibliographies
          • Information about manuscripts
          • Research on Copernicus
          • Researchers of Copernicus
          • Works on the publication of Copernicus’ writings
        • General studies
          • Monographs and studies
          • Collective works
          • Periodicals – special issues
        • Biography
          • Source materials. Letters and documents
          • Origin. Debate about nationality
          • Surname (etymology and spelling)
          • Youth. Studies in Cracow
          • Stay in Italy
          • Copernicus in Warmia
          • Contributions to the biography
          • Individuals associated with Copernicus
          • Historical and cultural background
          • Places associated with Copernicus
        • The work and activity of Copernicus
          • Copernicus and astronomy
            • General works
            • The origin of the heliocentric theory
            • About „De revolutionibus” and other works
            • Various astronomical issues
            • The reception of the Copernican theory
            • The Church and the Copernican system
            • Copernicus’ astronomical instruments and library
          • Copernicus and physics
          • Copernicus and mathematics
          • Copernicus and economics
          • Copernicus and philosophy
          • Copernicus as a doctor
          • Copernicus as a clergyman
          • Copernicus as a builder
          • Copernicus as a lawyer
          • Copernicus as a humanist
        • The significance of Copernicus
        • Copernicus in belles-lettres
          • Polish literature
            • Poetry
            • Stage works
          • German literature
        • Copernicus in art
          • Painting, portraits, graphics
          • Monuments
          • Medals and numismatics
          • Post stamps
        • Remembrance of Copernicus
          • Museums
          • Exhibitions
          • Symposia, conferences and sessions
          • Jubilees and other celebrations
          • Other forms of honoring the memory of Copernicus
        • Occasional writing
    • Gallery
      • Images of Copernicus
        • Painting and graphics
          • Toruń portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus I
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – general assembly of the local diet in Grudziądz on 21 March 1522
          • Bust of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus dying
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus Toruń 1473–1923
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus holding an armillary sphere
          • The death of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus on his deathbed
          • Attributed portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Design for a wall decoration featuring a figure of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Miniature with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus from the casing of the Strasbourg cathedral astronomical clock
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
        • Monuments and sculptures
          • Statue of Copernicus in the Babelsbeg observatory
          • Statue of Copernicus in the Babelsbeg observatory
          • Statue of Copernicus in Warsaw
          • A design for the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • A design for the base of the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus placed over a well
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Toruń
          • Warsaw Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus carved by Berthel Thorvaldsen
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus carved by Ludwig Kucharzewski
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • A design for the statue to be put up in Toruń on the occassion of the 500th anniversary of Nicolaus Copernicus’ birth
          • A design for Copernicus’ statue to be put up in Kraków
          • The first idea for the reverse of Copernicus’ statue for Kraków
          • Głowa Mikołaja Kopernika
          • Peace to the World
          • Orant II
          • Discoverer
          • Miniature bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Statuette inspired by the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus
        • Medallic art
          • Władysław Oleszczyński, Medal struck on the occasion of the unveiling of the Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Gotfryd Majnert, Medal struck on the occasion of the unveiling of the Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Friedrich Wilhelm Below, Medal commemorating the 400th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Giovanni Vagnetti, Medal commemorating the foundation of the Copernicus Museum in Rome
          • Jan Nalborczyk, Nicolaus Copernicus – medallion, obverse
          • Louis-Michel Petit, Medal in honour of Copernicus
          • F. Godel, Medal in honour of Copernicus
          • Wojciech Jarzębowski, Medal commemorating the 400th anniversary of the first publication of „De revolutionibus”
          • Franciszek Kalfas, Medal commemorating the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Polish Academy of Learning in Kraków
          • Konstanty Laszczka, Medallion with a half-length portrait of Copernicus
          • Józef Gosławski, Medallion with a full-length portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Stefan R. Koźbielewski, Plaque made on the occasion of the 18th International Congress on the History of Medicine in Warsaw
          • Adam Myjak, Janusz Pastwa, Copernicus’ head – medal design
          • Anna Jarnuszkiewicz, Nicolaus Copernicus medal issued by the Polish Academy of Sciences
          • Edward Gorol, General Assembly of the Royal Prussian Diet held in Grudziądz on 21 March 1522 – medal
          • Józef Markiewicz-Nieszcz, Plaque commemorating the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Józef Stasiński, Nicolaus Copernicus – 500th Anniversary of His Birth – Opus 577 – medal
          • Stanisław Szukalski, Medal commemorating the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Bolesław Chromy, 500th Anniversary of Nicolaus Copernicus’ Birth 1973
          • Stanisława Wątróbska-Frindt, 25th Anniversary of the Reconstruction of Copernicus’ Instrumentarium in Jędrzejów – medal
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – medal
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – medal
          • Plague with a portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Medal issued to commemorate the opening of the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Department of the History of Medicine in Frombork
        • Numismatics
          • Small commemorative brick worth 1000 marks
          • 100-zloty bronze coin
          • 5000-zloty banknote – design
          • 10-zloty coin
          • 1000-zloty bank note sample
          • 100-zloty coin sample – obverse
          • 100-zloty coin sample – reverse
          • 1000-zloty bank note
          • Collector’s coin value 5000-zloty – reverse
          • Commemorative coin from the Cook Islands
          • 20-zloty collector’s coin
          • Collector’s banknote
          • Silver coin
        • Philately
          • Stamps from the series „Copernicus and Konarski”
          • Postcard on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of Copernicus’ death
          • Decorative sheet of 10 stamps
          • Stamp no 365 from the series „Views of Kraków”
          • Block of the Polish Post Office on the occasion of commemorating the activities of the Commission of National Education
          • Postage stamp no 560 issued on the occasion of the 1st Congress of Polish Science
          • Abandoned design of a stamp commemorating the International Year of Copernicus
          • Sample of postage stamp no 667 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus – International Year of Copernicus”
          • 80-grosz postage stamp no 668 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus – International Year of Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp from the series „Polish-Soviet Friendship”
          • Postage stamp no 765 from the series „Monuments of Warsaw”
          • Postage stamp no 993 from the series „Great Men of Science”
          • Postage stamp no 1778 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1779 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1780 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1867 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1868 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1869 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1940 from the series „Tourism – following the trail of Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Stamp block bl45 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Nicolaus Copernicus postage stamp series with an image of Copernicus
          • Znaczek nr 2085 z serii „500. rocznica urodzin Mikołaja Kopernika”Postage stamp no 2085 from the series „500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2086 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2087 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2088 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2089 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Stickers for „On Copernicus’ trail” – horseback delivery
          • Postage stamp sheet designed on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Postage stamp no 2109 from the series „Exploring Outer Space”
          • Postage stamp sheet ark2109 from the series „Exploring Outer Space– Salyut, Copernicus”
          • Stamp block bl46a from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2126 from the series „Day of the Postage Stamp”
          • Postage stamp from the series „The Year of Nicolaus Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1973”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „500 Aniv. Nacimiento de Nicolas Copernico”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „Nicolau Copérnico”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1973”
          • 100-franc postage stamp „Nicolas Copernic”
          • Postage stamp from the „Great Astronomers” series with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Postage stamp block with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Postage stamp „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1543”
          • Postage stamp series issued to commemorate the 500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth
          • Postage stamp from the series „Nicolas Copernic 1473–1973”
          • Postage stamp no 3224 from the series „World Exhibition EXPO‘92 in Seville”
          • Postage stamp no 3303 from the series „450th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Death”
          • Postage stamp no 3339 from the series „Europa CEPT (V)”
          • Postage stamp no 3865 from the series „Polish Cities”
        • Applied arts
          • Mug, 19th century
          • Cigarette case, 20th century
          • Ink pad
          • Diary featuring a portrait of Copernicus
          • Bookmark
          • Bookmark
          • Box
          • Matchbox
          • Matchbox
          • Multifunctional ruler
          • Porcelain mug
          • Mug
          • Mug, 20th century
          • Plate
          • Cup coaster
        • Souvenirs
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Miniature of the Karakow statue of Copernicus
          • Coffer featuring Copernicus’ head
          • Copernicus bas-relief
          • Plaque with Copernicus’ portrait
          • Commemorative badge
          • Commemorative badge
          • Figurine of Copernicus with an astrolabe
      • Cities of Copernicus
        • Toruń
          • Radio-telescope in the Institute of Astronomy of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Piwnice near Toruń
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Epitaph in memory of Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus House in Toruń
        • Kraków
          • View of 15th-century Kraków
          • Collegium Maius
          • Collegium Maius quadrangle
          • Copernicus’ Room
        • Lidzbark Warmiński
          • Castle in Lidzbark Warmiński
          • View of 17th-century Lidzbark
        • Olsztyn
          • Castle in Olsztyn
          • Castle in Olsztyn – administrator’s chamber
          • Copernicus’ astronomical table
        • Frombork
          • Cathedral hill in Frombork
          • Frombork statue of Copernicus
          • Copernicus Tower in Frombork
      • Under the name of „Copernicus”
        • Nature
          • Copernicus crater on the Moon
          • Copernicia
        • Science
          • Copernicus satellite
          • Copernicus optical CAT scanner
          • Copernicus mini calculator
          • 112 Copernicium
        • Transport
          • Copernicus’ aircraft nameplate
          • Railway locomotive „Copernicus”
        • Entertainment
          • Copernicus competition
          • Puzzle
        • Miscellany
          • Copernicus cigars
          • Mead
          • Mead „Nicolaus Copernicus”
          • Vodka
  • BlogNew

Biography

  • research
  • source materials
Source materials. Letters and documents
Origin. Debate about nationality
Surname (etymology and spelling)
Youth. Studies in Kraków
Stay in Italy
Copernicus in Warmia
Contributions to the biography
Individuals associated with Copernicus
Historical and cultural background
Places associated with Copernicus

Library

  • Part 1 – editions of Copernicus’ writings
    • Authentic writings of Copernicus
    • Writings of doubtful authorship
  • Part 2 – literature about Copernicus
    • General
      • Bibliographies
      • Information about manuscripts
      • Research on Copernicus
      • Researchers of Copernicus
      • Works on the publication of Copernicus’ writings
    • General studies
      • Monographs and studies
      • Collective works
      • Periodicals – special issues
    • Biography
      • Source materials. Letters and documents
      • Origin. Debate about nationality
      • Surname (etymology and spelling)
      • Youth. Studies in Cracow
      • Stay in Italy
      • Copernicus in Warmia
      • Contributions to the biography
      • Individuals associated with Copernicus
      • Historical and cultural background
      • Places associated with Copernicus
    • The work and activity of Copernicus
      • Copernicus and astronomy
        • General works
        • The origin of the heliocentric theory
        • About „De revolutionibus” and other works
        • Various astronomical issues
        • The reception of the Copernican theory
        • The Church and the Copernican system
        • Copernicus’ astronomical instruments and library
      • Copernicus and physics
      • Copernicus and mathematics
      • Copernicus and economics
      • Copernicus and philosophy
      • Copernicus as a doctor
      • Copernicus as a clergyman
      • Copernicus as a builder
      • Copernicus as a lawyer
      • Copernicus as a humanist
    • The significance of Copernicus
    • Copernicus in belles-lettres
      • Polish literature
        • Poetry
        • Stage works
      • German literature
    • Copernicus in art
      • Painting, portraits, graphics
      • Monuments
      • Medals and numismatics
      • Post stamps
    • Remembrance of Copernicus
      • Museums
      • Exhibitions
      • Symposia, conferences and sessions
      • Jubilees and other celebrations
      • Other forms of honoring the memory of Copernicus
    • Occasional writing

Contact

Nicolaus Copernicus University Library
Gagarina 13, Str. 87-100 Toruń,
POLAND

Nicolaus Copernicus University Library

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CENTRE FOR COPERNICAN STUDIES

Urząd Miasta Torunia

Copernicus 550

World Copernican Congress

 

Blog

  • Invitation to the Krakow part of the World Copernican Congress 23 May 2023
  • Meeting of the Program Council of the Nicolaus Copernicus Thorunensis Portal 23 May 2023
  • Invitation to the 21st Toruń Science and Art Festival 18 April 2023
  • +48-56 611-43-88
  • copernicus@bu.umk.pl
© 2025 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS THORUNENSIS
Logo przedstawiające popiersie Mikołaja Kopernika Logo przedstawiające popiersie Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Start
  • Biography
    • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)
      • Outline biography
      • Timeline
    • Childhood and background (1473–1491)
      • Royal Prussia: the homeland of Copernicus
      • Toruń – the hometown of Copernicus
      • The family
      • Controversies – the wandering home of the Copernicus family
    • Copernicus in Kraków (1491–1495)
      • Studies at Kraków University
      • Copernicus and Copernicana in Kraków
    • Copernicus in Italy (1496–1503)
      • Copernicus as a student in Bologna
      • Copernicus in Rome
      • Copernicus as a medical student in Padua
      • Copernicus in Ferrara
    • Copernicus in Warmia (1503–1543)
      • Warmia at the time of Copernicus
      • Copernicus in Lidzbark Warmiński
      • The cathedral chapter in Frombork
      • Copernicus at the chapter of Warmia
      • In Olsztyn
      • Controversies: private life
      • Last years spent in Frombork
      • Copernicus’ own library
  • Discovery
    • Astronomy
      • Astronomy as an object of interest of Copernicus
      • Development of astronomy from the ancient times to the 15th century
      • Cosmological views from the times before Copernicus
      • Astronomy in the days of Copernicus
      • Copernicus’ astronomical devices
      • The genesis of the discovery – the heliocentric theory
      • Publication of „De revolutionibus”
      • The nature of Copernicus’ discoveries
    • Economics
      • Copernicus and his interest in economics
      • Major economic theories from ancient times to the Renaissance
      • Money and economics at the time of Copernicus
      • Treatise On the Minting of Coin and Copernicus’ views on economics
    • Medicine
      • The development of medicine from ancient times until the 15th century
      • Medicine at the time of Copernicus
      • Copernicus’ medical education and practice
    • Literature
      • Copernicus’ interest in Greek literature
      • Translation of Simoccatta's Letters
      • Copernicus as Latin writer
    • Cartography
      • An outline history of cartography until the 16th century
      • Maps of Polish and Prussian lands – Copernicus as a cartographer
  • Revolution
    • Reception of Copernicus’ theory and the importance of the discovery
      • A general introduction
      • Reception of the discovery in Europe – the views of the Church and of other scholars on the heliocentric theory
      • Post Copernican cosmological concepts
        • Tycho Brahe’s model
        • Kepler’s model
        • The model of a stationary state
        • The Big Bang model
        • The concept of many worlds
        • Contemporary cosmological reflections
      • The importance of Copernicus’s discovery for the development of the sciences
      • The importance of Copernicus’s discovery for the development of the humanities
    • The development of astronomy since Copernicus to the present
      • Astronomy before the invention of the telescope
      • The telescope and celestial mechanics
      • The nineteenth century and the birth of astrophysics
      • Twentieth century astronomy and cosmology
      • The history of astronomy in Poland until 1945
  • Ressources
    • Archives
      • About the collection
      • „De revolutionibus”
        • Manuscript „De revolutionibus”
        • History of the Original Manuscript
        • History of the Editions
        • First Editions of „De revolutionibus”
      • Copernicus’ Letters
        • About the Copernicus’ Letters
        • Letters written by Copernicus
          • 1518 X 22 – to the Warmian Chapter
          • 1524 II 29 – to Mauritius Ferber
          • 1526 IV 19 – to Felix Reich
          • 1531 VII 27 – to Mauritius Ferber
          • 1533 IV 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1536 VI 8 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1537 VIII 9 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1538 IV 25 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1538 XII 2 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 I 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 III 3 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1539 III 11 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1541 VI 15 – to Duke Albrecht of Prussia
          • 1541 VI 21 – to Duke Albrecht of Prussia
          • 1541 VI 27 – to John Dantiscus
          • 1541 IX 28 – to John Dantiscus
      • Copernicus’ Minor Astronomical Writings
        • Commentariolus
        • Letter against Werner
        • Raptularius
        • Other tables and notes
      • Copernicus’ Administrative Documents
        • Leases of abandoned farmsteads
        • Copernicus’ Inventory of 1520
        • Transaction approval from 15 III 1518
      • Copernicus’ Writings about Money
        • Meditata (1517)
        • „Modus cudendi monetam” (1519–1522)
        • „Tractatus de monetis” (1519–1522)
        • „Monete cudende ratio” (ca. 1526)
      • Prescriptions
        • In Praise of the Imperial Pills
        • Minor prescriptions
      • Translation of Theophylactus Simocatta
    • Library
      • Part 1 – editions of Copernicus’ writings
        • Authentic writings of Copernicus
        • Writings of doubtful authorship
      • Part 2 – literature about Copernicus
        • General
          • Bibliographies
          • Information about manuscripts
          • Research on Copernicus
          • Researchers of Copernicus
          • Works on the publication of Copernicus’ writings
        • General studies
          • Monographs and studies
          • Collective works
          • Periodicals – special issues
        • Biography
          • Source materials. Letters and documents
          • Origin. Debate about nationality
          • Surname (etymology and spelling)
          • Youth. Studies in Cracow
          • Stay in Italy
          • Copernicus in Warmia
          • Contributions to the biography
          • Individuals associated with Copernicus
          • Historical and cultural background
          • Places associated with Copernicus
        • The work and activity of Copernicus
          • Copernicus and astronomy
            • General works
            • The origin of the heliocentric theory
            • About „De revolutionibus” and other works
            • Various astronomical issues
            • The reception of the Copernican theory
            • The Church and the Copernican system
            • Copernicus’ astronomical instruments and library
          • Copernicus and physics
          • Copernicus and mathematics
          • Copernicus and economics
          • Copernicus and philosophy
          • Copernicus as a doctor
          • Copernicus as a clergyman
          • Copernicus as a builder
          • Copernicus as a lawyer
          • Copernicus as a humanist
        • The significance of Copernicus
        • Copernicus in belles-lettres
          • Polish literature
            • Poetry
            • Stage works
          • German literature
        • Copernicus in art
          • Painting, portraits, graphics
          • Monuments
          • Medals and numismatics
          • Post stamps
        • Remembrance of Copernicus
          • Museums
          • Exhibitions
          • Symposia, conferences and sessions
          • Jubilees and other celebrations
          • Other forms of honoring the memory of Copernicus
        • Occasional writing
    • Gallery
      • Images of Copernicus
        • Painting and graphics
          • Toruń portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus I
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – general assembly of the local diet in Grudziądz on 21 March 1522
          • Bust of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus dying
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus Toruń 1473–1923
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus holding an armillary sphere
          • The death of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus on his deathbed
          • Attributed portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Image of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Design for a wall decoration featuring a figure of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus
          • Miniature with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Portrait of Copernicus from the casing of the Strasbourg cathedral astronomical clock
          • Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
        • Monuments and sculptures
          • Statue of Copernicus in the Babelsbeg observatory
          • Statue of Copernicus in the Babelsbeg observatory
          • Statue of Copernicus in Warsaw
          • A design for the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • A design for the base of the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus placed over a well
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Toruń
          • Warsaw Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus carved by Berthel Thorvaldsen
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus carved by Ludwig Kucharzewski
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Head of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • A design for the statue to be put up in Toruń on the occassion of the 500th anniversary of Nicolaus Copernicus’ birth
          • A design for Copernicus’ statue to be put up in Kraków
          • The first idea for the reverse of Copernicus’ statue for Kraków
          • Głowa Mikołaja Kopernika
          • Peace to the World
          • Orant II
          • Discoverer
          • Miniature bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Statuette inspired by the Toruń Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Copernicus
        • Medallic art
          • Władysław Oleszczyński, Medal struck on the occasion of the unveiling of the Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Gotfryd Majnert, Medal struck on the occasion of the unveiling of the Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in Warsaw
          • Friedrich Wilhelm Below, Medal commemorating the 400th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Giovanni Vagnetti, Medal commemorating the foundation of the Copernicus Museum in Rome
          • Jan Nalborczyk, Nicolaus Copernicus – medallion, obverse
          • Louis-Michel Petit, Medal in honour of Copernicus
          • F. Godel, Medal in honour of Copernicus
          • Wojciech Jarzębowski, Medal commemorating the 400th anniversary of the first publication of „De revolutionibus”
          • Franciszek Kalfas, Medal commemorating the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Polish Academy of Learning in Kraków
          • Konstanty Laszczka, Medallion with a half-length portrait of Copernicus
          • Józef Gosławski, Medallion with a full-length portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Stefan R. Koźbielewski, Plaque made on the occasion of the 18th International Congress on the History of Medicine in Warsaw
          • Adam Myjak, Janusz Pastwa, Copernicus’ head – medal design
          • Anna Jarnuszkiewicz, Nicolaus Copernicus medal issued by the Polish Academy of Sciences
          • Edward Gorol, General Assembly of the Royal Prussian Diet held in Grudziądz on 21 March 1522 – medal
          • Józef Markiewicz-Nieszcz, Plaque commemorating the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Józef Stasiński, Nicolaus Copernicus – 500th Anniversary of His Birth – Opus 577 – medal
          • Stanisław Szukalski, Medal commemorating the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Bolesław Chromy, 500th Anniversary of Nicolaus Copernicus’ Birth 1973
          • Stanisława Wątróbska-Frindt, 25th Anniversary of the Reconstruction of Copernicus’ Instrumentarium in Jędrzejów – medal
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – medal
          • Nicolaus Copernicus – medal
          • Plague with a portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Medal issued to commemorate the opening of the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Department of the History of Medicine in Frombork
        • Numismatics
          • Small commemorative brick worth 1000 marks
          • 100-zloty bronze coin
          • 5000-zloty banknote – design
          • 10-zloty coin
          • 1000-zloty bank note sample
          • 100-zloty coin sample – obverse
          • 100-zloty coin sample – reverse
          • 1000-zloty bank note
          • Collector’s coin value 5000-zloty – reverse
          • Commemorative coin from the Cook Islands
          • 20-zloty collector’s coin
          • Collector’s banknote
          • Silver coin
        • Philately
          • Stamps from the series „Copernicus and Konarski”
          • Postcard on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of Copernicus’ death
          • Decorative sheet of 10 stamps
          • Stamp no 365 from the series „Views of Kraków”
          • Block of the Polish Post Office on the occasion of commemorating the activities of the Commission of National Education
          • Postage stamp no 560 issued on the occasion of the 1st Congress of Polish Science
          • Abandoned design of a stamp commemorating the International Year of Copernicus
          • Sample of postage stamp no 667 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus – International Year of Copernicus”
          • 80-grosz postage stamp no 668 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus – International Year of Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp from the series „Polish-Soviet Friendship”
          • Postage stamp no 765 from the series „Monuments of Warsaw”
          • Postage stamp no 993 from the series „Great Men of Science”
          • Postage stamp no 1778 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1779 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1780 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 1867 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1868 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1869 from the series „Nicolaus Copernicus. His Life and Work”
          • Postage stamp no 1940 from the series „Tourism – following the trail of Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Stamp block bl45 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Nicolaus Copernicus postage stamp series with an image of Copernicus
          • Znaczek nr 2085 z serii „500. rocznica urodzin Mikołaja Kopernika”Postage stamp no 2085 from the series „500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2086 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2087 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2088 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2089 from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Stickers for „On Copernicus’ trail” – horseback delivery
          • Postage stamp sheet designed on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of Copernicus’ birth
          • Postage stamp no 2109 from the series „Exploring Outer Space”
          • Postage stamp sheet ark2109 from the series „Exploring Outer Space– Salyut, Copernicus”
          • Stamp block bl46a from the series „500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth”
          • Postage stamp no 2126 from the series „Day of the Postage Stamp”
          • Postage stamp from the series „The Year of Nicolaus Copernicus”
          • Postage stamp „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1973”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „500 Aniv. Nacimiento de Nicolas Copernico”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „Nicolau Copérnico”
          • Commemorative postage stamp block „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1973”
          • 100-franc postage stamp „Nicolas Copernic”
          • Postage stamp from the „Great Astronomers” series with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Postage stamp block with a portrait of Copernicus
          • Postage stamp „Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1543”
          • Postage stamp series issued to commemorate the 500th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Birth
          • Postage stamp from the series „Nicolas Copernic 1473–1973”
          • Postage stamp no 3224 from the series „World Exhibition EXPO‘92 in Seville”
          • Postage stamp no 3303 from the series „450th Anniversary of Copernicus’ Death”
          • Postage stamp no 3339 from the series „Europa CEPT (V)”
          • Postage stamp no 3865 from the series „Polish Cities”
        • Applied arts
          • Mug, 19th century
          • Cigarette case, 20th century
          • Ink pad
          • Diary featuring a portrait of Copernicus
          • Bookmark
          • Bookmark
          • Box
          • Matchbox
          • Matchbox
          • Multifunctional ruler
          • Porcelain mug
          • Mug
          • Mug, 20th century
          • Plate
          • Cup coaster
        • Souvenirs
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Miniature of the Karakow statue of Copernicus
          • Coffer featuring Copernicus’ head
          • Copernicus bas-relief
          • Plaque with Copernicus’ portrait
          • Commemorative badge
          • Commemorative badge
          • Figurine of Copernicus with an astrolabe
      • Cities of Copernicus
        • Toruń
          • Radio-telescope in the Institute of Astronomy of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Piwnice near Toruń
          • Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus
          • Epitaph in memory of Copernicus
          • Nicolaus Copernicus House in Toruń
        • Kraków
          • View of 15th-century Kraków
          • Collegium Maius
          • Collegium Maius quadrangle
          • Copernicus’ Room
        • Lidzbark Warmiński
          • Castle in Lidzbark Warmiński
          • View of 17th-century Lidzbark
        • Olsztyn
          • Castle in Olsztyn
          • Castle in Olsztyn – administrator’s chamber
          • Copernicus’ astronomical table
        • Frombork
          • Cathedral hill in Frombork
          • Frombork statue of Copernicus
          • Copernicus Tower in Frombork
      • Under the name of „Copernicus”
        • Nature
          • Copernicus crater on the Moon
          • Copernicia
        • Science
          • Copernicus satellite
          • Copernicus optical CAT scanner
          • Copernicus mini calculator
          • 112 Copernicium
        • Transport
          • Copernicus’ aircraft nameplate
          • Railway locomotive „Copernicus”
        • Entertainment
          • Copernicus competition
          • Puzzle
        • Miscellany
          • Copernicus cigars
          • Mead
          • Mead „Nicolaus Copernicus”
          • Vodka
  • Blog

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